Installing Darwin with QEMU

1. Darwin 8.0.1 (corresponding to Mac OS X 10.4) seems to be the latest available full installer image, at least, until the PureDarwin project produces a new one.

   • List of available ISO images

2. More recent versions of packages are available in source form:

   • Open Source website (links by OS release)

   • Full list of packages (some aren't linked under any OS release)

Installing

1. Download and extract installation CD image:

   • Darwin 8.0.1 (was under “Darwin 8.0.1 Installer CD” on old website)

     • MD5: dbd260dda994093a11c31afbe624aa34

     • SHA-256: a26f9f14795fe0687bd647d41b712464c9a61430736fae4aa0fdb89207e1a62a

   • $ gunzip darwinx86-801.iso.gz

2. Set up QEMU VM:

   • $ qemu-img create -f qcow2 darwin.qcow2 10G

3. Start VM:

   • $ qemu -net none -drive file=darwin.qcow2,cache=writeback -cdrom darwinx86-801.iso -boot d

   • Other useful qemu options: -m 512 and -enable-kqemu

4. Installation steps:

   • First boot:

     • Select disk

     • "2" (manual partitioning)

     • "y" (initialize MBR)

     • In fdisk:

       • > auto hfs

       • Ignore the warning

       • > update

       • > write

       • > quit

     • Enter partition name

     • "yes" (clean install)

     • "darwin" (volume name)

     • Continue (reboot)

   • Second boot (make sure to boot from CD again):

     • Select disk

     • "3" (existing partition)

     • Enter partition name

     • "hfs" (HFS+ filesystem)

     • "yes" (clean install)

     • "darwin" (volume name)

     • Wait for installation to complete...

     • Enter root password

     • "darwin" (hostname)

     • "3" (spawn shell)

     • # halt

5. Configure VM for normal startup:

   • Remove QEMU flags -cdrom darwinx86-801.iso -boot d

Basic configuration

Enable VM networking

• Change QEMU flags: -net none → -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net user

SSH access

1. Change QEMU flags: -net user → -net user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:10022-:22 (pick any port instead of 10022)

2. Log in to VM, enable SSH:

   • # service ssh start

3. Connect to VM with

   • $ ssh -p 10022 root@localhost

4. Optionally add an alias to host ~/.ssh/config to simplify connecting:

   • Host darwin-vm
     HostName localhost
     Port 10022
     User root

   • Connect to VM with

     • ssh darwin-vm

5. Install public key to simplify logging in:

   • $ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh darwin-vm 'mkdir .ssh; cat >>.ssh/authorized_keys'

6. Add -nographic to QEMU flags to disable console window, which is no longer required

Some familiar aliases

• # echo "alias ll='ls -l'" >>/etc/bashrc

• # echo "alias la='ls -lA'" >>/etc/bashrc

Timezone

• # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/UTC /etc/localtime

Temporary filesystem

Using a temporary disk image to build software helps keep the main disk image file smaller.

1. $ qemu-img create -f qcow2 scratch.qcow2 10G

2. Add QEMU flag: -drive file=scratch.qcow2,cache=writeback and boot

3. Figure out which disk number corresponds to the scratch drive:

   • # mount

   • # ls /dev/rdisk*

   • It's the one that isn't mounted and doesn't have any partitions (sn-suffixed files)

   • It's usually, but not always, /dev/rdisk1

4. # newfs_hfs -v scratch /dev/rdisk1

5. # reboot

6. Available as /Volumes/scratch on next boot

Notes

1. The VM sometimes fails to boot with "panic(...): nfs_boot_init failed"; if this happens, restart it.

Updating the system

Kernel (xnu)

• It breaks support for FAT (and thus the QEMU virtual FAT drive)

  • Support for FAT is in the msdosfs package which requires Xcode to build

  • An alternative to the virtual FAT drive for transferring files is writing tar archives directly to an unpartitioned drive

  • SSH scp is another alternative

• Requires:

  • corresponding cctools (e.g. initially installed version or cctools-590.42.1, but not cctools-667.3)

  • gcc 3.3 (revert if changed with gcc_select 3.3)

• Source package: xnu-792.6.76.tar.gz (update to version listed under “Mac OS X 10.4.3”)

  • MD5: 854f44519778e8bde4283e275ed154e6

  • SHA-256: 35c5ed2f1399c770583a229a733d064dc302ae6327a7fcb40996e1f3c474f568

• Building:

  • # cd /Volumes/scratch

  • # tar xzf xnu-792.6.76.tar.gz

  • # cd xnu-792.6.76

  • Patch to help build gcc_42-5577:

    • # sed -i.tmp 's/defined *(__i386__)/& || defined(__x86_64__)/' bsd/{machine,sys}/*.h

  • # make DSTROOT= install

• Reboot. uname -r is now 8.7.0.

Standard library (Libc)

• Requires updated xnu (xnu-792.6.761).

• Source package: Libc-391.2.10.tar.gz (update to version listed under “Mac OS X 10.4.3”)

  • MD5: 7a1a08d1b68668fc41916d6cf39182a4

  • SHA-256: e90b78d310235544623f26c6f18e27b329b5bc778deab8e57332e8e90ab92f11

• Building:

  • # cd /Volumes/scratch

  • # tar xzf Libc-391.2.10.tar.gz

  • # cd Libc-391.2.10

  • # sed -i.tmp s/NOTIFY_STATUS_OK/0/g gen/{asl.c,syslog.c}

  • Patch to help build gcc_42-5577:

    • # sed -i.tmp 's/defined *(__i386__)/& || defined(__x86_64__)/' include/machine/*.h

  • # make OBJROOT="$PWD"/obj install

Upgrading GCC

dyld

• This is optional.

• Source package: dyld-46.16.tar.gz (under “Mac OS X 10.4.11.x86”)

  • MD5: a97d4d2a77b3e5f2ff9757007cae0596

  • SHA-256: cf753c3a2cef239b1334c56603b36d206f54d613daa078ce0f2d73c3e2a0dd82

• Makefile: dyld.mk

  • Darwin doesn't include Xcode, which is required to build this package. This makefile provides alternative build instructions.

• Building:

  • # cd /Volumes/scratch

  • # tar xzf dyld-46.16.tar.gz

  • # cd dyld-46.16

  • # sed -i.tmp '/case CPU_TYPE_X86_64:/,/break;/d;/__pthread_tsd_first/d' src/dyld.cpp

  • # ln -s libstdc++.a /usr/lib/gcc/i686-apple-darwin8/4.0.0/libstdc++-static.a

  • # bsdmake -f dyld.mk VERSION_DYLD=46 install

cctools

• Choice of version:

  • cctools-667.3

    • Too new to build xnu.

    • Source package: cctools-667.3.tar.gz (under “Mac OS X 10.5.8”)

      • MD5: 518166e6ddbd0287bebee3d00fddee7d

      • SHA-256: 1ba43a3d3bcf138a196e714666927c706857226adccf2e69db4f08e940631c0d

  • cctools-590.42.1

    • Too old to build gcc.

    • Source package: cctools-590.42.1.tar.gz (update to version listed under “Mac OS X 10.4.3”)

      • MD5: 6d875c5483699fd0f1e150facae35256

      • SHA-256: 61c86c4dc556daafbabebd8162bfbce8214843b218fefbd15c6c1ba03d225a10

• Building:

  • # cd /Volumes/scratch

  • # tar xzf cctools-667.3.tar.gz

  • # cd cctools-667.3

  • # sed -i.tmp '/install.*strip/{h;s/strip/seg_hack/gp;g;s/ -s / /;}' misc/Makefile

  • # sed -i.tmp s/ld_classic/ld/ ld/Makefile

  • # make install

• The new assembler will often show the warning "indirect jmp without '*'" on code generated by the old GCC.

gcc

• Choice of version:

  • gcc_42-5577

    • Latests gcc_42 package (newer packages are named gcc). GCC 4.2.1. Requires patched system include files, which can be done when upgrading xnu and Libc (see above).

    • Source package: gcc_42-5577.tar.gz (update to version listed under “Mac OS X 10.5.8”)

      • MD5: dab7ad45f76919f058a6f1cf3a0e91d8

      • SHA-256: fd6459ab701b41dc1297cdbc27f302c558d766505cfe8dd1d6ec0d257fef0e81

  • gcc_42-5531

    • Slightly older version. Doesn't require any changes to include files.

    • Source package: gcc_42-5531.tar.gz (under “Mac OS X 10.5.8”)

      • MD5: 959ecd224cea2477d57b1c3026fe05ee

      • SHA-256: 924862e2092fa11754ec9226a0de4772d831c40500231728055d00d1bb3a632e

• Requires cctools-667.3 and optionally dyld

  • Building:

    • # cd /Volumes/scratch

    • # tar xzf gcc_42-5577.tar.gz

    • # cd gcc_42-5577

    • If dyld isn't upgraded, patch to revert debugging format from DWARF to stabs:

      • # sed -i.tmp 's/\(#define PREFERRED_DEBUGGING_TYPE \).*/\1DBX_DEBUG/' gcc/config/darwin.h

      • # sed -i.tmp '/darwin_macho_att_stub/s/Init.*//' gcc/config/darwin.opt

    • # sed -i.tmp '/x86_64/s/|| exit 1//' build_gcc

    • # ln -s true /usr/bin/dsymutil

    • # gnumake RC_ARCHS=i386 install

      • Don't try to set DSTROOT=/, it deletes everything.

    • # cp -pR dst/* /

    • # cp -pR obj/dst-i686-i686/usr/lib/libgcc_s* /usr/lib/gcc/i686-apple-darwin8/4.2.1/

• GCC is now installed as gcc-4.2.

  • It can be made default with gcc_select 4.2. 

     

    
    

    
    
     

     

     

Installing Unidata Gempak on Debian.

To install gempak on Debian first download the Red Hat package from the Unidata website And then use Alien to install. I've only tested gempak-7.3.2-1.x86_64.rpm Or you can compile it from source. Here is some data And a tutorial More detailed directions later pretty self explanatory. And AWIPS

Adding the Kali archive keyring on Debian.

Here is the Debian package to add the Kali keyring to Debian. Here. Or the Kali Rolling repositories

Cretaing a Athena Machine with Debathena

On Debain Linux first install first install debathena as described at MIT 
Install MIT Kerberos:

 sudo apt-get install krb5-{admin-server,kdc}   

Make a backup of  /etc/krb5.conf and edit the krb5.conf

 [realms]  
   ATHENA.MIT.EDU = {  
     auth_to_local = RULE:[2:$1](johndoe)s/^.*$/guest/  
     auth_to_local = RULE:[2:$1;$2](^.*;admin$)s/;admin$//  
     auth_to_local = RULE:[2:$2](^.*;root)s/^.*$/root/  
     auto_to_local = DEFAULT

 } 

Next  create a KDC Database with:

 sudo kdb_util create -r ATHENA.MIT.EDU   

and enter a master password.
In your local state directory typically /var create krb5kdc/kadm5.acl
See and sample of a kadm5.acl file here.

Add the acl_file variable to krb5.conf file.
Next add administrators to the database:

 sudo kadmin.local  

 kadmin.local: addprinc admin/admin@ATHENA.MIT.EDU  

answer the prompts and add principals.
Lastley start the KDC with:

 sudo krb5kdc  
 sudo kadmind  

I still get an error on starting to the Raise Network interface but everything else  is up and running including your Athena lockers; might be an answer here and here.  And here Hope this helps. One other note here is LibX a Firefox add-on to search MIT Resources from anywhere

My Custom Debian.

This morning I created my custom Debain distribution with 'simple-cdd' I still need to make my own package list. Follow these directions.

SELinux

After I installed Debian 9 I installed SELinux here is the Debian wiki on how to. Also here are the GUI tools. I first heard about SELinux about 10 years ago. Also here is article on anti-viris vs SELinux. And a little history Here is Sofos for Linux. And for Windows and Mac. Malwarebytes is good too for Mac and Windows.

Setting up my apt repository and build environment on Debian

I'm configuring my build environment on my new HP Debian machine here available on the wiki I also am outputing my installed packages on Debian using dpkg. And will write a script. I want to get working on KX Studio and some on my projects on github if I can find the extra time. And create my own PPA.

Desktop Environments

I'm trying the Gnome 3 desktop environment for Debian 8 and it really isn't that bad, reminds me of Windows 8/8.1. I'm using MATE in FreeBSD which is a for of Gnome 2. And starting with Vista Windows uses DWM I think or that might be like Xorg. They use Aero. Windows also uses the Windows bootloader and Linux GRUB. I really would like to be able to install the Windows desktop environment just like another environment like KDE or Gnome. I've forked the Budgie Desktop environment and made my own called Blueberry for Linux and Gnome Shell. I've also forked the Lumina desktop for BSD which is a low level C++ desktop environment. Fairly new.

Upgrade for Wheezy to Jessie

Yesterday I upgraded to Debian 8 "Jessie" which is now on the stable branch from "Wheezy" and my base image was "Squeeze". I also began reading about the systemd process and how it replaced "init". Also here is a source list generator from Switzerland.

Microsoft Design Principles and Scenarios Star 2011

In 2011 I completed a course and in Microsoft's eyes became a design principles and scenarios star. More on this as I remember it, it was the design toolbox and I still have all of the files. And here was my avatar.